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Working Memory: Enhancing Cognitive Function and Learning
Explore the fundamental executive function that allows us to temporarily hold and manipulate information in our minds while engaging in complex tasks.
Definition and Importance of Working Memory
Working memory is a fundamental executive function that allows individuals to temporarily hold and manipulate information in their minds while engaging in complex tasks. Often referred to as the brain's notepad, it enables us to keep track of multiple pieces of information, process them, and make decisions based on that information.
This cognitive ability is essential when external aids are unavailable, requiring us to rely solely on mental resources. However, working memory has a limited capacity, typically holding only 3-4 pieces of information at a time in neurotypical adults. It also serves as the gatekeeper to long-term memory, playing a crucial role in learning and retention.
Test Your Working Memory
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Activity 1: Say your phone number backward
This might be challenging, but it's usually doable with some concentration.
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Activity 2: Manipulate your phone number
Take the forward sequence of your phone number. Add 1 to the first number, 2 to the second number, 3 to the third number, and so on. Try to continue this pattern for 10 numbers. How far can you get before you lose track and have to regroup?
This activity demonstrates how working memory holds information while simultaneously processing and manipulating it—an essential skill for tasks like mental math, following instructions, and problem-solving.
Challenges Associated with Working Memory
Following Instructions
Struggling to follow a sequence of steps or verbal directions.
Planning and Organization
Difficulty breaking down tasks into separate steps.
Verbal Expression
Forgetting what one was about to say when called upon.
Turn-Taking in Conversations
Trouble waiting for a turn to speak.
Other challenges include understanding context, dual processing, reading comprehension, problem-solving, note-taking, task completion, and managing belongings.
Improving and Supporting Working Memory
Can We Improve Working Memory?
Psychologists suggest that working memory develops naturally over time. There is no known method—such as a workout routine, diet, or brain-training games—that can significantly increase working memory capacity.
Two Strategies to Improve Working Memory
  1. Wait: Working memory naturally strengthens with development and practice.
  1. Nothing! So far, no research has shown a way to artificially enhance working memory.
Watson, A. C. (2017). Learning begins: The science of working memory and attention for the classroom teacher. Routledge.
Strategies to Support Working Memory
  • Use External Aids – To-do lists, colored wristbands, post-it notes, and laminated lists help reduce the cognitive load.
  • Incorporate Memory Aids – Songs, rhymes, and mnemonics make information easier to retain.
  • Provide Personalized Cues – Encourage students to identify what reminders work best for them.
  • Teach the Principle of "Off-Loading" – Reduce cognitive strain by writing things down, using alarms, and structuring routines.
How to Support Working Memory